Barley is a crop that requires the soil to contain a sufficient amount of fertilizer. It absorbs most of the nutrients in the first 30-35 days of its development, so it is important that they are introduced into the soil in a timely manner. And in this article we will find out exactly which fertilizers are used for this.
Barley fertilization system
Fertilization is one of the main factors affecting both the size and quality of the barley crop. A high level of nutrition leads to an early sowing of crops, and fertilizers have a positive effect on the biochemical composition of grain.
Nitrogen Fertilizer
Nitrogen is one of the most important macronutrients present in every part of the plant. It is easily washed out of the soil, and providing it in sufficient quantities helps the plant to fully grow and develop.
If there is not enough nitrogen, then the upper part of the old leaves and shoots begin to change color, growth slows down, the fruits grow small. That is why it is extremely important to introduce nitrogen fertilizers into the soil.
The main forms of nitrogen fertilizers:
- Amide. In the soil, it turns into the ammonium form, and then into the nitrate form, since plants are able to assimilate only these two forms in the soil. Easily and quickly absorbed through the leaf surface. It is considered the best option for nitrogen fertilizers for foliar feeding.
- Ammonium... It is gradually absorbed by the plant even at a low temperature and can partially turn into nitrate. Thanks to this type, the root system grows better, nutrients are absorbed.
The greatest need for nitrogen fertilizers in barley falls on the period of vegetative growth - when the plant goes into the tube, this period ends.
Types of nitrogen fertilizers:
- ammonium nitrate - an effective fertilizer of ammonium nitrate content, has a positive effect and is applied to most types of soils;
- lime-ammonium nitrate is a fertilizer containing, in addition to nitrogen, also calcium, due to which the best acidification of the soil occurs;
- urea - has a high nitrogen content from solid nitrogen fertilizers;
- urea-ammonia mixture - nitrogen fertilizer with a high concentration, is used in areas with insufficient humidity.
Phosphorus fertilizers
Phosphorus is an indispensable nutrient and is used by barley throughout its life, but it has a major effect in the first half of the cycle. A universal fertilizer used for all types of soils is superphosphate. This is pre-sowing, pre-sowing fertilizer, and top dressing.
On sod-podzolic soils, phosphate slag, superphos, polyphosphoric fertilizer and defluorinated phosphate work well. On acidic soils, phosphorite flour is indispensable, which not only shakes the soil, but also reduces the amount of aluminum in it. The effect of this fertilizer continues for 5 years after tillage.
The main amount of phosphorus-containing fertilizers is applied in autumn under chill. A good result can be obtained after application of superphosphate during sowing (10-20 kg / ha a.a.)
Potassium fertilizer
Potassium is needed in the initial stages of growth. In agriculture, potassium salt, chloride and potassium sulfate are used (which is less digestible than the first two options).
Potassium is also added together with complex fertilizers during autumn tillage. Potassium can stabilize the nitrogen nutrition of plants, which is used to increase the quality of malting barley.
Increasing the dose of potassium for the active ingredient to 100-160 kg / ha optimizes the grain parameters without significantly affecting the yield. On soddy-podzolic soils, the rate of the main fertilizer is 40-45 kg / ha of potassium.
Superphosphate
By chemical origin and state of aggregation, superphosphates are divided into the following types:
- Plain... Gray powder that can cake if the recommended humidity level is not observed. Contains phosphorus in the form of oxide up to 20%. It is produced by processing phosphoric raw materials with sulfuric acid.
- Granulated. It is made from simple superphosphate by rolling into granules. It is a gray granule, almost non-caking and, in addition to 20% phosphorus, contains calcium and sulfur. It is characterized by good solubility in water, slow and uniform release of active substances. It is used for sowing fertilizer of crops in various climatic zones.
- Double. Upon receipt, phosphorus raw materials are treated with phosphoric acid, as a result of which the fertilizer contains more phosphorus in a readily soluble form and practically does not contain gypsum.
Most often, granular superphosphate is used in farms.
In order for superphosphate to work most effectively, it is necessary to apply it so that it is as close to the root system as possible. This is due to the fact that phosphorus is a sedentary element and therefore its introduction to the soil surface is impractical.
Apply this fertilizer in the fall for plowing or pre-sowing treatment with mandatory mixing with the soil. An important indicator for the absorption of phosphorus is the acidity of the soil solution - it is best absorbed at a neutral pH. Even if the soil is slightly acidic, the level of assimilation decreases and makes the use of this fertilizer inappropriate.
In order to improve the absorption of superphosphate, reclamation procedures should be carried out - to deoxidize the soil.
Potassium sulfate
The most effective foliar application can be achieved by using 0.4 l of potassium sulfate with trace elements in barley treatment in combination with 5 kg of carbamide per hectare.
The scheme of using potassium humate for winter crops:
- 1st treatment - during the germination period (foliar application helps prepare plants for winter);
- 2nd treatment - during the exit into the pipe, which activates morphological processes;
- 3rd treatment - in the heading phase, which has a positive effect on the processes of grain formation and development.
Application scheme for spring crops:
- 1st treatment - during tillering, if it is an annual plant and at the beginning of regrowth for perennials;
- 2nd treatment - in the phase of exit of the culture into the tube to activate morphophysiological processes.
Liquid mineral fertilizers
Liquid fertilizers are also used as top dressing, since they are considered the most effective. Mineral liquid fertilizers contain various trace elements, macronutrients and humic acids. The amount of certain substances depends on the purpose of the product - there are nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, complex and mixed substances - each differ in the proportions of minerals or other substances in the composition.
Types of mineral fertilizers:
- Water soluble. Dry crystalline fertilizers for the preparation of solutions. Nutrients in such solutions are absorbed better. There is only one minus - some of the crystals may not dissolve and fall into a sediment, which causes an uneven distribution of feeding.
- Liquid. Fertilizers produced in the form of a solution or suspension. They are also pre-diluted with water; concentration is needed to obtain a solution. The active components do not precipitate and do not react with soil substances, providing a minimum load on the soil. It is absorbed by the plant by 80-90%.
Fertilizers in the form of solutions are easily absorbed through the root system and through leaf surfaces. At the stages of sowing and the initial formation of seedlings, liquid fertilizers are applied at the root. From the moment foliage appears and before harvesting, it is rational to do spraying.
By changing the composition of liquid fertilizers, you can influence the development of the plant, quickly cope with diseases and pests, the effects of frost or drought.
You can not make eye dressing - the instructions for the solutions indicate the exact ratio of water and fertilizer, calculated for a certain processing area and type of plant.
What fertilizers are suitable for barley?
Depending on the type of barley, the fertilizers necessary for a particular type are selected. Let's consider several options.
Spring barley
Barley grows poorly on acidic soils. Young plants are especially affected, in which yellowing of leaves is observed due to a violation of the chlorophyll process, growth and development are inhibited. Favorable acidity: 5.6-5.8.
The effect of fertilizers on barley is determined by:
- type of fertilizer;
- the dose of application to the soil;
- method of application;
- period of feeding.
In order to get a rich harvest, fertilization must be complex and include trace elements. Barley needs the following:
- zinc;
- boron;
- copper.
Combined fertilizers contribute to:
- increase in crop;
- drought resistance;
- resistance to wind;
- frost resistance.
Why is it more often advised to use liquid fertilizers for spring barley? The following reasons:
- they are evenly applied;
- contribute to an increase in yield;
- improve grain quality;
- activate growth;
- stimulate weather resistance.
Brewing barley
This is one of the high-yielding crops, occupying an important place in the grain balance of our country. Compared to other grains, this type of barley is distinguished by increased nutritional requirements, which is explained by a short growing season (90-100 days), and very intensive assimilation of nutrients.
To form 5-6 t / ha of malting barley together with straw, it is necessary:
- 85-110 kg of nitrogen;
- 40-55 kg of phosphorus;
- 100-120 kg of potassium;
- 30-40 kg of calcium;
- 20-25 kg of magnesium.
And the corresponding amount of trace elements:
- 25-375 g iron;
- 20-25 g of manganese;
- 20-260 g of boron;
- 40-110 g of copper;
- 150-160 g zinc.
The absorption of these elements during the growing season does not occur evenly. Most of all, barley needs such feeding during tillering and the beginning of stemming, as well as during the laying, formation and filling of grain.
Feed barley
During the cultivation of feed barley, increased doses of mineral fertilizers should be applied. For example, nitrogen fertilizers are used to increase the protein content in grain. After fertilized predecessors, especially if organic fertilizing was used, it is advisable to use nitroammophos.
Grain quality indicators are also significantly affected by weather conditions during cultivation - heavy rains during the growing season of plants contribute to the production of malting barley, and a deficit of precipitation against the background of high air temperature is fodder.
Weather conditions can affect the transfer of barley from brewing to feed and vice versa.
Dates and methods of fertilizer application
Mineral fertilizers should be applied under the main processing in the fall, given in rows when sowing and nourished crops with them during the growing season. If you transfer the use of these fertilizers to autumn or spring, then the efficiency decreases.
It is better to apply fertilizers for plowing, then they are mixed with the soil layer to a plowing depth of 5-10 to 22-25 cm. Deep mixing contributes to better development of the root system, its penetration to a greater depth in the initial phases of growth and an increase in winter hardiness.
When applied for sowing treatment, fertilizers are located in the upper soil layer. After embedding with a cultivator and harrows, 50-80% of the granules remain in the 0-2 cm layer, and 81-100% remain in the 0-6 cm layer.
Even with cultivation in two tracks, 75% of the applied fertilizers can remain in the 0-4 cm layer, which greatly reduces the effect of fertilizers, and with a lack of moisture, their return is zero due to the drying out of the upper soil layer.
Urea barley top dressing
The most important fertilizer for barley is nitrogen. To maintain the required level of this element, fertilizing with urea is carried out - one of the most effective fertilizers. Its introduction is carried out in 3 steps:
- during pre-sowing cultivation;
- at the stage of the first node;
- in the earing stage.
When fertilizing with urea is carried out, the fertilizer is embedded in the soil at the first stage and in the root zone at the second. The average calculated dose of the substance is 60-70 kg of fertilizer per 1 ha.
The third deposit is carried out by irrigation with a 10% solution, where other nutrients may be present.
Barley as fertilizer
Barley, in comparison with other cereals, is distinguished by its high drought resistance. Therefore, in those regions where drought is a frequent occurrence, barley for green manure is sown more often than other green manure.
In addition, the plant also perfectly withstands frosts down to -5 degrees, due to which it is actively used for early spring planting as a precursor to the main crops.
The roots decomposing in the ground after mowing and the green mass embedded in the fertile soil layer saturates it with vermicompost, phosphorus, potassium and many macro- and microelements necessary for growing basic crops.
Plowing barley is equivalent to applying traditional organic matter, not to mention mineral fertilizers. The consumption rate of planting material is 1.8-1.9 kg / ha. Mowing and subsequent seeding is carried out 4-6 weeks after the appearance of mass seedlings until the barley goes to the ear.
Green mass can also be composted, getting a multicomponent organic fertilizer that works for all cultivated plants.
By introducing a high-quality program for feeding barley, you will receive an increase in yield at a minimum cost per hectare. Good fertilizers play a huge role in the subsequent health of this crop, so it is worth approaching the issue with extreme care.
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Ukraine. City: Mariupol
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