When a body of water begins to die, a number of radical measures are required to radically rebuild it. In this case, they resort to the flying procedure. This is a complex complex process, which consists in draining water and cleaning the bed of the reservoir from vegetation, snags and other residues. Read more about the organization of the pond flying below.
What is this procedure?
Flying is a whole complex of fish-farming, reclamation and veterinary-sanitary works, which are periodically carried out in fishery reservoirs according to a previously developed plan, taking into account local characteristics. This complex invariably includes a number of stages:
- Draining the pond in autumn.
- Freezing his bed (bottom).
- Cleaning from bottom sediments in winter.
- Reclamation works in a drained pond in summer.
By its effectiveness, flying has no alternative and is used for the following purposes:
- to eliminate all pathogens of invasive, viral and bacterial infections in pond farms (after the pond dries up, pests die or lose their ability to become infected under the influence of sunlight and disinfectants);
- stabilize the gas and salt regime of water;
- improve the health of a fish farm if it is prone to infectious diseases, including branchiomycosis and aeromonosis (rubella), which is dangerous for carp and salmonids;
- improve zoohygienic conditions for fish;
- increase soil fertility and natural fish productivity of the reservoir by 50-100%;
- to carry out fish-breeding, reclamation and repair work on the site.
After flying, the bed of the reservoir is aerated, the organic matter accumulated in it is mineralized, and the rigid underwater and emergent vegetation is destroyed.
For which ponds is flying used?
This method of improving the reservoir is often used in areas such as:
- Spawning and wintering ponds. They are subjected to the procedure at the same frequency, but different reclamation activities are performed.
In spawning ponds, the herbage is preserved, since fish hide in it from direct sunlight. In addition, such crops are a fodder for them.In wintering reservoirs, on the contrary, they struggle with vegetation, since in winter unfavorable decomposition of organic substances takes place at their bottom.
- Feeding ponds. They grow marketable (table) fish - carp, carp, crucian carp, tench, pike perch, etc. Usually, such ponds are arranged by erecting dams, which block the channel of a river or stream. In some cases, parts of the floodplain are collapsed with dams, and water is supplied from the reservoir through canals.
- Earthen cages. Often these are fenced areas of natural reservoirs. Dams, dams or stakes from stakes act as fences. There are also artificial earthen cages in the form of various depressions in the coastal land or specially dug ditches or pits in the ground that are filled with water.
Regardless of where such a procedure is applied, the technology for its implementation remains unchanged.
Conditions
The improvement of the fishing industry in this way is carried out under the following conditions:
- it is possible to simultaneously drain water from all the ponds of the holding, and then thoroughly dry their bed and hydraulic structures;
- there are no diseases and parasites in the water source, or there is a possibility of their destruction during the period of work;
If, after flying, you fill the pond with water containing the causative agent of an infectious disease, then all the work will go to waste.
- it is possible to purchase the necessary planting stock and high-quality breeding stock from a prosperous farm for the pond.
Flying technology
In order for the recovery procedure to bring only positive results and not harm the pond, it must be carried out in stages, observing a number of important rules:
- Site survey. Experts examine the reservoir in order to accurately diagnose the presence of parasites or pathogens of various diseases. If such are found, the fishery is declared unfavorable. It is quarantined and a further plan is made for its improvement.
- Removing the source of the pathogen from the pond. This could be infected fish or water. So, to eliminate pathogens in the fall, all fish are caught from reservoirs (they are sold), and water is drained from all ponds.
- Disinfection. Ditches and pots - local widening and deepening of the reservoir channel - are treated with chlorine (5 c / ha) or quicklime (20-25 c / ha). A freshly prepared 20% solution of quicklime or a 10% solution of bleach is used to process hydraulic structures - monks, trays, trellises, etc.
All fish breeding equipment, as well as fishing gear and transport containers are also disinfected. Small equipment like nets and canvas stretchers should be replaced with a new one. - Cleansing the bed from tough vegetation. Rhizomes and natural debris are removed from the bottom of the pond, stumps are uprooted. Alloys (woven roots and stems of plants that float on the surface of the water surface) are dried and pulled from the bed, after cutting them into small pieces.
If the autumn is warm and dry, the bottom of the pond is well dried, and after that they are engaged in the necessary reclamation work - they straighten and deepen the drainage ditches on the bed of the pond, fill up the flanks, etc. At the end of the pit, they fall asleep. - Freezing. With the onset of winter, the bed is left to freeze.
- Wellness recovery. The next spring and summer, the pond is left without water. At this time, health improvement work continues.
The next disinfection is carried out by drying and insolation - irradiation of the surface with sunlight (solar radiation). Pathogens on the soil surface die in direct sunlight, while those living in the upper layers of the soil die under the influence of disinfectants or drying.
After that, soil moisture at a depth of 0.5-1 cm should be no more than 13%. This indicator must be controlled. In places where the moisture content of the soil is higher, slaked or bleach is added in the previously mentioned calculations.Liming not only helps to disinfect the soil, but also neutralizes the acidity of the soil, improves its quality and contributes to a faster process of organic decomposition.
- Tillage. For better drying and disinfection of the bed, all the vegetation that managed to grow is mowed, and the soil is harrowed or plowed. Areas where marsh vegetation grows are cultivated with a marsh plow with a screw blade to a depth of 20-25 cm. After plowing, the seam is treated 2-4 times with disc harrows. Plowing helps oxygen to penetrate deeper layers of dried sludge.
- Mineralization. To completely mineralize organic deposits and improve environmental conditions during subsequent fish rearing, the bottom of the reservoir is inoculated with oatmeal mixture, seradella or lupine. After harvesting the grasses, row crops are sown:
- cereals (oats) - consume nitrogen in deeper layers of the soil, therefore they are the best option for excessively deep sludge deposits;
- legumes - enrich the soil with nitrogen, so they are more suitable for surface sludge;
- cereals and fodder (barley, wheat, Sudanese) - allow the farm to provide itself with its own food for fish, and also reduce soil toxicity and increase its fertility, improve the productivity of the reservoir and microbocenosis (a set of populations of different types of microorganisms that live in a particular biotope);
- vegetable (potatoes, beets, rutabagas, cabbage, carrots) - provide mineralization of organic matter and detoxification of harmful compounds.
The founder of pond fish farming in our country, A. Bolotov, in his writings recommends sowing the bottom of flying ponds with bread: in the first year, sow winter and spring rye, in the second - barley, and in the third - oats.
The root system of crops supports the soil of the bed in a loose state and takes away excess mineral substances. If the pond does not dry out well, it can be used as a meadow.
- Final disinfection. It is carried out in the fall of next year in those places where pathogenic microorganisms could survive.
The alternation of low temperatures in winter and high in summer, exposure to solar radiation and sowing of vegetation in a drained pond in summer - all this contributes to the mineralization of organic matter and the death of pathogenic microorganisms that cause infectious diseases of fish.
Pond settlement
After flying in ponds, favorable conditions are created for the development and growth of fish. So, depending on the capabilities of the farm, in spring or autumn, they can be filled with water from a clean source, and only after that a new livestock of healthy fish purchased from safe farms can be launched into them.
In spring, quarantine ponds can also run repair fish. These are individuals at an age nearing the first maturity, and selected to replenish the brood stock. Subsequently, they must be moved to separate uterine reservoirs. If they do not contract any infection, then next season they can be used for spawning.
If during the growing season the planted fish do not show signs of infectious diseases, then quarantine can be lifted from the farm.
Frequency and duration of flying
In order to increase fish productivity and destroy parasites, the procedure should be carried out on average every 4-5 years. This parameter can be adjusted depending on the category of the pond and the way of raising the fish. So, feeding ponds with intensive fish cultivation can be brought to flying after 4-7 years, and with extensive fish - after 15-20 years. The same terms are acceptable for growth ponds, but spawning and wintering ponds should be subjected to such a procedure every year.
As for the duration of the procedure, but it cannot be less than 1 year. This is the time during which the pond remains without water. It needs to be adjusted depending on the layer of silt deposits. If when leaving the pond without water for one summer, its intensive overgrowing by vegetation is observed, then the process of improving the reservoir can take several years.
What is the difference from fish farming?
Fish farming can be effectively combined with agricultural production. Such a combination is called fish rotation. It differs from traditional flying in that it assumes a purposeful alternation after 1-2 years or more of using ponds for fish farming and crop production. In the pond bed, fodder for farm animals is often grown - grain, fodder, melons, etc.
Regular use of crop rotation is beneficial in that it allows you to effectively fly and receive additional agricultural products as a bonus. However, this method has shown its disadvantages in practice. They consist in violation of the stability of the veterinary and sanitary state of the site.
Experts note that for 2-3 years the pond is significantly overgrown with macrophytes (aquatic photosynthetic plants that float on the surface of the water or sink into its thickness) and weeds of agricultural crops. In addition, there are outbreaks of fish diseases and, as a result, a decrease in fish productivity. To minimize such negative consequences, it is worth predominantly using cereals as crops for sowing on a dry pond bed.
Flying is a laborious and complex process that is usually carried out in feeding ponds, reservoirs and earthen cages in order to increase natural fish productivity by improving the soil structure and creating favorable conditions for the development of food organisms. It is carried out in several stages, each of which requires strict adherence to a number of rules.